Effect of Orientation and Vegetation over the Embankment Crest for Energy Reduction at Downstream

Coastal embankments often collapse due to the tremendous destructive energy of an overtopping tsunami flow a deep scour by nappe flow. Hence, clarify formation condition overtopping, series tests were carried out within laboratory flume with immobile settings lowering downstream surface angle embankment model while keeping upstream slope constant (1:1) five non-dimensional depths and six different crest conditions. The conditions imposed on in direction without vegetation; horizontal crest, (?)4% descending slope, (+)4% ascending adding vegetation three densities across improve resistance increased provided models categorized based spacing ratio between cylinders diameter: sparse, intermediate, dense. Increased density above results significant reduction approximately 30–50% at brink edge 40–60% plunge basin. In contrast, maximum was found be dense model. Additionally, owing steep water profile increasing density, impinging jet’s impact point moved closer toe embankment. This implies that covers smaller area mitigate intensity flood/tsunami movement. Meanwhile, scenario faster formation. delays reducing angle. It maintains sub-critical except near edge.